Rules for change of words showing nearness.Direct Indirect
This that
These those
Here there
now/ just then
Today that day
Yesterday the previous day
Tomorrow the next day
Tonight that night
Last night the previous night
Rules for changing the Helping verb (direct speech to indirect speech)Direct Indirect
Is, am was
Are were
Has, have had
Shall, will would
Can could
May might
Do, does did
Must no change
Should no change
Had no change
Would no change
Could no change
The rule for changing reporting verb (Direct speech to Indirect speech)Direct Indirect
Say, says (without object) No change
Say to, says to (with object) Tell, tells
Said (without object) No change
Said to (with object) Told
“Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that.”― Martin Luther King Jr.“अंधेरे से अंधेरा नहीं निकल सकता: केवल रौशनी ही ऐसा कर सकती है। नफरत, नफरत से बाहर नहीं निकल सकती: केवल प्यार ही ऐसा कर सकता है। ”- मार्टिन लूथर किंग जूनियर।
The Present Tensesहम वर्तमान काल का उपयोग तब करते हैं जब कोई क्रिया अभी हो रही हो, या जब वह नियमित रूप से होती है।Simple Present-- Subject+v1+objectI read novels.Present Continuous Tense-- Subject+ is/am/are+ v1.ing+ objectI am reading Shakespeare at the moment.Present Perfect Tense-- Subject+ has/have +v3+objectI have read so many books I can’t keep count.Present Perfect Continuous Tense-- Subject +has/have +been+ v1.ing+ objectI have been reading since I was four years old.